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Content Information |
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Title: Turquoise Mining in the Southwest
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
Turquoise mining among the Pueblos, Spanish, and Americans
Archaeologists have also found turquoise mines throughout Mesoamerica. One of the largest mines is in a mountain south of Santa Fe called Cuwimi Kai or Chalchihuitel—“a house inside which turquoise is found.” The Zuni often obtained...
Show Keywords: 1600s; 1800s; 1900s; Americans; archaeologists; captives; Cochiti; death; Eleventh; entradas; history; jewelry; Keres Pueblo; Mesoamerica; mines; money; mountains; Ninth; Pueblo Indians; Pueblo Revolt; Santa Fe; Santo Domingo; slaves; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spanish; stones; Tenth; traders; turquoise; turquoise mountain; Twelfth; white men; Zuni Pueblo; Zunis |
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Title: Who Is Chakwaina?
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
Origins of the Chakwaina katsina.
In 1529, Spanish explorer Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Baca and three companions survived a shipwreck at the mouth of what is now known as the Mississippi River. Esteban, a black Moorish slave, was among the survivors. For seven years, the four Spaniards w...
Show Keywords: 1530s; Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez; Catholicism; Chakwaina; corn; corn pollen; Culiacán; Eleventh; Esteban; Florida; friars; gold; gourds; Hawikuh; history; Indians; katsinam; Mendoza, Antonio de; Mexico City; Moors; New Mexico; Ninth; Niza, Marcos de; oral history; rattles; rituals; slaves; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spanish; Tenth; turquoise; Twelfth; viceroys; Zuni; Zuni Pueblo; Zunis |
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Title: Acoma
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
An introduction to the history and culture of the people of Acoma.
Tribal elders say that Acoma (sometimes spelled Akome, Acuo, Acuco, Ako and A’ku-me) means “a place that always was.” Archaeologists have found artifacts at digs on Acoma Mesa that speak of prehistoric times. Like its near neighbors Hopi and Zu...
Show Keywords: 1200s; 1500s; 1560s; 1580s; 1590s; 1600s; 1620s; 1680s; 1690s; 1700s; 1800s; 1900s; Acoma Mesa; Acoma Pueblo; Acomas; Alvarado, Captain Hernando de; Americans; ancestral pueblo; animals; archaeologists; armor; artifacts; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad; Battle of Acoma; battles; beans; Bigotes; burros; camps; cannons; cantos; captains; Catholicism; Chaco Canyon; chiefs; church; citadels; clans; cliffs; colonialism; Colorado; commerce; conceive; conquistadores; consumerism; converts; corn; cornfields; Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; cows; crops; dances; daughters; death; defend; digs; disasters; elders; emigration; Enchanted Mesa; Espejo, Antonio de; expeditions; exploitation; farming; Father Sun; fields; fire; Franciscans; fruit; girls; guides; Hawikuh; Hopi; horses; Iatiku; immigration; indigenous people; Jemez Pueblo; journeys; katsinam; Keresan; kivas; malpais; McCarty's; Mesa Verde; mesas; Mexico; migration; miners; missionaries; missions; mutilation; names; Nautsiti; Navajos; neighbors; New Mexico; New Spain; Niza, Marcos de; Oñate, Juan de; oral history; oral tradition; origin stories; paths; peace; Pecos Pueblo; pictograph; plants; poem; poets; potsherds; potters; pottery; prehistory; presents; priests; Pueblo Revolt; pueblos; raids; railroad; rains; Ramírez, Fray Juan; rebellions; reconquest; rhymes; Rio Grande; rituals; rivers; routes; ruins; salt; servants; settlements; sheep; sisters; sky; slave trade; slaves; Snake Dance; snakes; societies; soldiers; sons; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spain; Spanish; squash; stories; storytellers; surrender; tales; television; tourist; tourist art; traditions; trails; trees; twins; underground; United States; uranium; valleys; Vargas, Don Diego de; veterans; villages; Villagrá, Gaspar Pérez de; walls; warriors; water; World War II; Zaldívar, Juan de; Zaldívar, Vicente de; Zuni |
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Title: Declaration of Status
Source(s): Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595-1628 Author(s):
Isabel la mulata (Author); George Hammond (Editor); Agapito Rey (Editor)
Isabel, a woman of Indian and African descent, obtains proof of her freedom before traveling to New Mexico in 1600.
In the town of Querétaro in New Spain, January 8, 1600, there appeared before Don Pedro Lorenzo de Castilla, his majesty's alcalde mayor in this town, a mulatto woman named Isabel, who presented herself before his grace in the appropriate legal mann...
Show Keywords: 1590s; 1600s; affidavits; authority; Castilla, Don Pedro Lorenzo de; colonialism; daughters; depositions; details; expeditions; freedom; frontiers; Indians; justice; marriage; mayors; mulattos; negroes; New Mexico; New Spain; Oñate, Juan de; Olvera, Isabel de; person of color; Querétaro; rights; servants; single; slaves; statements; status; towns; witnesses; women; workers |
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Title: Who Were the Lipan and the Kiowa-Apaches?
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
An introduction to the Lipan and Kiowa-Apache peoples.
Two small Apache tribes, the Lipan and the Kiowa-Apache, lived on the western Great Plains during the early 1600s. Today they have become part of the other Apache tribes. Very few of those living today remember the Lipan and the Kiowa-Apache tribal ...
Show Keywords: 1500s; 1600s; 1700s; 1760s; 1830s; 1840s; 1850s; 1870s; 1910s; alliance; Americans; Apaches; bands; bison; Brazos River; camps; captives; Chihuahua; Christianity; Comanches; converts; death; enemies; France; friends; government; Great Plains; guns; hide; horses; Indian Territory; Jiménez, Father Diego; Kansas; Kiowa-Apaches; Kiowas; languages; Lipán Apaches; Mescalero Apaches; missions; Nebraska; New Mexico; nomads; Nueces Mission; Oklahoma; oral tradition; origin stories; Plains Indians; powers; Pueblo Revolt; raids; religion; reservations; Rio Grande; rituals; shields; slaves; smallpox; social organization; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spanish; spirituality; Sun Dance; survivors; tepees; Texas; Texas Rangers; traditions; travois; treaty; tribes; US; US Army; villages; war chief; warfare; warriors; Wichitas |
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Title: How the Spaniards Came to Shung-opovi, How They Built a Mission, and How the Hopi Destroyed the Mission
Source(s): Truth of a Hopi Author(s):
Edmund Nequatewa (Author)
It may have taken quite a long time for these villages to be established. Anyway, every place was pretty well settled down when the Spanish came. The Spanish were first heard of at Zuni and then at Awatovi. They came on to Shung-opovi, passing Walpi....
Show Keywords: altar; attacks; authority; Awatovi; Bahana; bowls; brothers; calendars; Castilians; caves; chiefs; church; clans; cliffs; coerce; copper ore; Corn Rock; cotton; death; doors; droughts; duty; enemies; feathers; fire; First Mesa; forbidden; Franciscans; friars; girls; gods; grief; hearts; Hopis; houses; hunts; idols; katsinam; kills; life; Little Colorado River; lumber; men; Mishongnovi; missionaries; missions; Moencopi; moon; morality; Nequatewa, Edmund; paint; pines; plaza; powers; prayer sticks; prayers; priests; puberty ceremony; punishment; revolt; rituals; rivers; San Francisco Peaks; Shung-opovi; Si-kyatki; sickness; sins; sisters; slaves; Spanish; spruce; starvation; Strap Clan; strings; swords; tobacco; Tota-achi; tribes; tripods; villages; Walpi; weapons; white men; witches; wives; women; Zunis |
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Title: Laguna
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
People from neighboring Acoma and other pueblos established Laguna Pueblo in the last years of the 1600s. In 1699, Governor Cubero of Nuevo México formally named the pueblo San José de la Laguna (“Saint Joseph of the Lake”). The name refers to ...
Show Keywords: 1600s; 1680s; 1690s; 1800s; 1820s; 1900s; 1940s; 1950s; Acoma Pueblo; anthropologists; Apaches; Arizona; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad; beavers; Catholicism; Chaco Canyon; cliff house; colonialism; Comanches; conquers; crops; economy; encounters; entradas; families; Flagstaff; four corners; Gallup; government; Governor Cubero; health; Isleta Pueblo; Laguna Pueblo; Lagunas; lakes; livestock; Mexican independence; Mexico; miners; mines; missionaries; Navajos; neighbors; New Mexico; ponds; potters; pottery; Pueblo Revolt; raids; railroad; rebellions; Richmond; Rio Grande; Route 66; San José de la Laguna; San José River; settlements; slaves; soldiers; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spain; Spanish; teach; tourist; trade; traders; uranium; Utes; Vargas, Don Diego de; villages |
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Title: The Old Spanish Trail
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
A brief history of the Old Spanish Trail that traders traveled on between California and New Mexico.
Less well known today than the Old Santa Fe Trail, the Old Spanish Trail was a dynamic feature of the early days in the Spanish American Southwest. Long before the explorers and missionaries from Spain worked their way up from Old Mexico into Alta Ca...
Show Keywords: 1700s; 1800s; Abiquiu; Americans; April; Arizona; Atlantic; blankets; boys; buys; California; captives; caravans; children; clothing; Colorado; Colorado River; continents; deserts; entrepreneurs; Europeans; explorers; girls; Grand Canyon; herds; hispanics; history; horses; Indians; indigenous people; journeys; languages; Los Angeles; Los Angeles Times; Mexican War, The; Mexico; miles; missionaries; months; Mormons; mules; networks; Nevada; New Mexico; October; Old Santa Fe Trail; Old Spanish Trail; Pacific Coast; Paiutes; paths; people; plateaus; ranchers; regions; Rio Grande; rivers; Salt Lake City; Santa Fe; sells; serapes; servants; settlements; settlers; sheep; slaves; snow; Southwest; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spain; Spanish; Spanish-American; spring; surpluses; Taos; thousands; trade; traders; traditions; trails; trappers; travelers; United States; US Army; US-Mexican War; Utah; Utes; villages; walks; weaving; white men; winter; workers |
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Title: The Utes
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
A brief history of the Utes.
The Utes call themselves Nunt’z, “the people.” In former times, the Utes roamed in eleven bands across much of Colorado, Utah, and parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Today they live on reservations in southern Colorado and eastern Utah. As many a...
Show Keywords: 1700s; 1770s; 1776; 1800s; 1820s; 1900s; Albuquerque; America; Americans; animals; antelope; Arizona; bands; berries; bison; bows; brush; California; captives; children; clothing; Colorado; conflicts; deer; Denver; dialects; elk; encounters; entradas; expeditions; families; farmers; food; game; gather; glues; gold; horses; hunts; journeys; lands; languages; meat; miners; Mormons; neighbors; New Mexico; Old Spanish Trail; Paiutes; peace; Phoenix; Plains Indians; poles; rabbits; raids; ranchers; reservations; resources; ride; seeds; settlements; shelters; Shoshone; Shoshonean; slave trade; slaves; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spanish; tepees; territory; traders; trappers; travelers; US; US Army; Utah; Utes; Uto-Aztecan; white men; women |
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Title: Trading in the Americas
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
A brief overview of trading in the Americas.
For hundreds of years, indigenous people of the American Southwest, whether on the move or in permanent settlements, traded among themselves. Archeologists have found shells from the Pacific Ocean, parrot feathers from Mexico, and turquoise from dist...
Show Keywords: 1500s; 1600s; 1700s; 1830s; 1840s; 1870s; 1880s; abalone; adventures; Americans; ammunition; archaeologists; Arkansas River; arrest; arrows; authority; automobiles; awls; barters; beads; Bents Fort; bison; blankets; books; brass; businesses; Canada; captives; Chaco Canyon; Chihuahua; clothing; coffee; colonialism; Colorado; combs; copper; dances; east; El Camino Real/Chihuahua Trail; empires; encounters; entradas; feathers; flannels; flour; food; forts; France; furs; Green River; gunpowder; highways; immigration; Indian Markets; indigenous people; iron; Kearny, Stephen; knives; Las Vegas; manufactures; McNitt, Frank; merchandise; merchants; Mexico; migration; mines; mirror; Missouri; monopolies; natives; Navajo Reservation; neighbors; New Mexico; New Spain; Old Santa Fe Trail; opportunities; Pacific Ocean; parrots; Pecos; Pecos Pueblo; Pueblo Indians; pueblos; railroad; regions; ribbons; Rio Grande; Rio Grande Valley; roads; ruins; Santa Fe; Santa Fe Trail; settlements; settlers; shells; slave trade; slaves; Southwest; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spanish; stores; sugar; systems; tacks; Taos; territory; tobacco; towns; trade; trade knives; traders; trading posts; traditions; transports; trappers; travelers; tribes; trinkets; trucks; turquoise; US Army; warehouses; weaving; wires; years |